Validation of a Scale for the Evaluation of the Dimensions of Short Break Tourist Destination
Keywords:
Tourist destinations; short break trips; dimensions of a tourist destination; measurement scale; Item Response Theory.
Abstract
The present study’s aim is to design, construct and validate an instrument that allows for the measurement of the dimensions for short break tourist destination. The instrument was comprised of 29 items that were applied to 400 university students from diverse undergraduate in Lima, Peru through a convenience sampling. The analysis of the psychometric properties of the instruments and the construction of the perception scale of the short break destinations was carried out through application of Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Graduated Response Model from Item Response Theory. The results show a valid and reliable scale to measure a short break tourist destination. Moreover, show that evaluated individuals tend to positively rate the attributes of the short break destinations they have visited and that tourist perceive the measured attributes as expected characteristic when they visit that destination. The scale proposed fills the gap to measure the dimensions that the visitor would like to find in a short break destination, to group the perception of the attributes that tourists seek in a holistic way. In so doing, the tourist will visit a place that is capable of meeting their expectations and that allows them to establish a link with the destination.Downloads
View per year:
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aiken, L. (1990). Content validity and reliability of singles items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological of Singles Items or Questionnaires, 40, 955-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000419
Albert-Hernández, M. (2020). A propósito del nuevo coronavirus: microbioturismo. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 38(10), 510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2020.03.008
Alegre, J. & Pou, Ll. (2006). The length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 1343-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.012
Almeida, A., Machado, L. P., & Xu, C. (2021). Factors explaining length of stay: Lessons to be learnt from Madeira Island. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 2(1), 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2021.100014
Bajpal, A. & Lee C.W. (2015). Consumer behavior in e-tourism services: a case of Taiwan. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 21(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.21.1.1
Baker, F. (2001). The basics of item response theory, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NH.
Bazán, J.L., Mazzon, J. & Hernani, M. (2011). Clasificação de modelos de resposta ao item policotômicos com aplicação ao marketing. Revista Brasileira de Estatística, 72 (235), 7-40. https://faculty.up.edu.pe/es/publications/classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-modelos-de-resposta-ao-item-policot%C3%B4micos-com-ap
Bigné, E., Fon, X. & Andreu, S. (2000). Marketing de destinos turísticos: Análisis y estrategias de desarrollo, Esic Editorial, Madrid.
Bitner, M.J. (1990). Evaluating service encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299005400206
Blank, C., Gatterer, K., Leichtfried, V., Pollhammer, D., Mair-Raggautz, M., Duschek, S., Humpeler, E., & Schobersberger, W. (2018). Short Vacation Improves Stress-Level and Well-Being in German-Speaking Middle-Managers-A Randomized Controlled Trial. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010130
Boerjan, P. (1995). Do we need a distinction between short and long holidays? The Tourist Review, 50 (2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058186
Chen, C. & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28, 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
Chérrez, R., Lopez, C. and Logroño, S. (2021). El turismo como recurso generador de crecimiento y desarrollo económico mediante indicadores estadísticos. https://fipcaec.com/index.php/fipcaec/article/download/361/647/
Churchill, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
Cohen, S., Prayag, G. & Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behavior in tourism: concepts, influences and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 17 (10), 872-909. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.850064
Davies, B. (1990). The economics of short break. International Journal Hospitality Management, 9 (2), 103-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(90)90004-H
Dunn, S., & Iso-Ahola, S. (1991). Sightseeing tourists’ motivation and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 8, 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90006-W
Dunne, G., Flanagan, S. & Buckley, J. (2007). City break motivations: the case of Dublin, a successful national capital. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 22 (3), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v22n03_08
Enne, D., & Schofield, P. (2011). An integrated approach to consumer decision making for budget city breaks: The role of emotion. International journal of tourism research, 13, 368-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.855
Escurra, L.M. (1988). Cuantificación de la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces. Revista de Psicología de Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 6 (1-2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.198801-02.008
Esiyok, B., Kurtulmuşoğlu, F. B., & Özdemir, A. (2018). Heterogeneity in the determinants of length of stay across middle age and senior age groups in thermal tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1374906
Fluvià, M., Rigall-I-Torrent, R., Espinet, J., Garriga, A. & Saló, A. (2011). Precios implícitos de los atributos de los productos turísticos: ¿qué esconde el efecto localización? Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 29 (3), 781-802. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v29i3.4414
Gearing, C.E., Swart, W.W. & Turgut, V. (1974). Establishing a measure of touristic attractiveness, Journal of Travel Research, 12 (4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757401200401
Gelman, A. & Rubin, D.B. (1992). Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statistical Science, 7 (4), 457-511. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011136
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Herington, C., Merrilees, B., & Wilkins, H. (2013). Preferences for destinations attributes: Differences between short and long breaks. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712463718
Hu, Y. & Ritchie, J.R.B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: a contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303200204
Kozak, M., Kim, S., & Chon, K. (2017). Competitiveness of overseas pleasure destinations: A comparison study based on choice sets. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(5), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2130
Lohmann, M. (1991). Evaluation of short break holidays. The Tourist Review, 46 (2), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058065
Lord, F. & Novick, M. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test score, Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers: Boston.
Lunn. D.J., Thomas, A., Best, N. & Spiegelhalter, D. (2000). Winbugs - a Bayesian modeling framework: concepts, structure and extensibility. Statistics and Computing, 10, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929526011
Malhotra, N. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation, Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2010)6
Manhas, P., Manrai, L. & Manrai, A. (2016). Role of tourist destination development in building its brand image: a conceptual model. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 21, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jefas.2016.01.001
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo MINCETUR (n.d.). Plan estratégico nacional de turismo 2025. MINCETUR. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/documentos/turismo/documentos/PENTUR/PENTUR_Final_JULIO2016.pdf
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. (2022, May 15). Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mincetur/noticias/590264-durante-enero-y-febrero-se-alcanzo-los-3-4-millones-de-viajes-por-turismo-interno
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. (2022, May). Estrategia Nacional de Reactivación del Sector Turismo 2022 - 2025. MINCETUR. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/3109734/R.%20M.%20N%C2%B0%20138%20-%202022.pdf.pdf
Mo, C., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1993). Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(2), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90058-B
Moll-de-Alba, J., Prats, Ll. & Coromina, Ll. (2016). Differences between short and long break tourists in urban destinations: the case of Barcelona. European Journal of Tourism Research, 14, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v14i.241
Monroy, H. C. (2020, December 21). El turismo doméstico como base de la recuperación post Covid-19 de la actividad turística en México. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Social. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Social. http://revistasinvestigacion.lasalle.mx/index.php/relais/article/view/2821
Morrison, A.M. (1989). Hospitality and travel marketing, Delmar Publishing, Albany, NY.
Muñiz, J. (1997). Introducción a la teoría de respuesta a los ítems, Ediciones Pirámide, España.
Murphy, P., Niininen, O. & Sanders, D. (2010). Short-break holiday: a competitive destination strategy. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centres. https://sustain.pata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/110019-Murphy-Short-Breaks-WEB-1.pdf
Murphy, P. & Pritchard, M. (1997). Destinations price-value perceptions: an examination of origin and seasonal influences. Journal of Research Travel, 35, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500303
Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. & Smith, B. (1999). The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions. Tourism Management, 21, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00080-1
Neal, J.D. (2003). The effect of length of stay on traveler´s perceived satisfaction with service quality. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 4 (3-4), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v04n03_11
Nunan, D., Birks, D., Malhotra, N. (2020). Marketing research applied insight. (6ta ed.). Pearson
Oh, C. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism Management, 26, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.014
Ortigueira, L. C., & Gómez-Selemeneva, D. (2012). Critical success factors of a tourist destination in the Caribbean. Tourism & Management Studies, 201-214.
Ostini, R. & Nering, M. (2006). Polytomous item response theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985413
Pearce, D. (1989). Tourist development, Wiley, New York.
Pearce, D. (2015). Urban management, destination and urban destination management: A comparative review with issues and examples from New Zealand. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1 (1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2014-0002
Pike, S. (2002). ToMA as a measure of competitive advantage for short break holiday destinations. Journal of Tourism Studies, 13 (1), 9-19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27467453
Reckase, M. (1979). Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: results and implications. Journal of Educational Statistics, 4, 207‐230. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164671
R Foundation (n.d.). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from https://www.R-project.org/
Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrica Monograph, 17, 1–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03372160
Sánchez, J., Rodriguez, M., Callarisa, L. & Moliner, M. (2006). Perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product. Tourism Management, 27 (3), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.11.007
Santos, N., & Oliveira Moreira, C. (2021). Uncertainty and expectations in Portugal’s tourism activities. Impacts of COVID-19. Research in Globalization, 3, 100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100071
Sharma, R.D. (2010). The short break holiday: assessing its understanding in the northern territory, Australia. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 142, 771-778. https://doi.org/10.2495/SW100691
Smith, L. (1994). The tourism product. Annals of Tourism Research, 2 (3), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90121-X
Solís-Radilla, M., Hernández-Lobato, L. & Villagómez-Méndez, J. (2016). El valor percibido del destino turístico en relación con el perfil del turista en Acapulco, Guerrero-México. Investigación Administrativa, 46 (118), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.35426/IAv45n118.02
Tarazona, E. (2013). Modelos alternativos de respuesta graduada con aplicaciones en la calidad de servicios. Masters thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/6175
Tsiotsu, R. & Vasioti, E. (2006). Satisfaction: a segmentation criterion for “short term” visitors of mountains destinations. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 20 (1), 61- 73. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v20n01_05
Um, S. & Crompton, J. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 432-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90008-F
Valls, J. F., Sureda, J., & Valls-Tunon, G. (2014). Attractiveness analysis of European tourist. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31 (2), 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.873310
Veiga, C., Custódio Santos, M., äguas, P. & Santos, J. (2017). Are millennials transforming global tourism? Challenges for destinations and companies. Worlwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes., 9 (6), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-09-2017-0047
Williams, A. & Shaw, G. (2009). Future play: tourism, recreation and land use. Land Use Policy, 26 (1), 326-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.10.003
World Tourism Organization (2016). Panorama OMT del turismo internacional, UNWTO, Madrid. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284418152
Yang, J. (2017). Investigation of tourist satisfaction on short break holiday travel: taking Chengdu research base of giant panda breeding. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 156, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.2991/seiem-17.2018.30
Yang, Y. & Zhang, H. (2015). Modeling tourists’ length of stay: does one model fit all? Tourism Analysis, 20, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14205687167464
Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivations and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism Management, 26, 45-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Zeithaml, V. (1988). Perceptions of price, quality and value: a means-end model and synthesis for evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52 (3), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
Zickar, M.J., Russel, S.S., Smith, C.S., Bohle, P. & Tilley, A.J. (2002). Evaluating two morningness scales with item response theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00131-3
Albert-Hernández, M. (2020). A propósito del nuevo coronavirus: microbioturismo. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 38(10), 510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2020.03.008
Alegre, J. & Pou, Ll. (2006). The length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 1343-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.012
Almeida, A., Machado, L. P., & Xu, C. (2021). Factors explaining length of stay: Lessons to be learnt from Madeira Island. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 2(1), 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2021.100014
Bajpal, A. & Lee C.W. (2015). Consumer behavior in e-tourism services: a case of Taiwan. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 21(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.21.1.1
Baker, F. (2001). The basics of item response theory, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NH.
Bazán, J.L., Mazzon, J. & Hernani, M. (2011). Clasificação de modelos de resposta ao item policotômicos com aplicação ao marketing. Revista Brasileira de Estatística, 72 (235), 7-40. https://faculty.up.edu.pe/es/publications/classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-modelos-de-resposta-ao-item-policot%C3%B4micos-com-ap
Bigné, E., Fon, X. & Andreu, S. (2000). Marketing de destinos turísticos: Análisis y estrategias de desarrollo, Esic Editorial, Madrid.
Bitner, M.J. (1990). Evaluating service encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299005400206
Blank, C., Gatterer, K., Leichtfried, V., Pollhammer, D., Mair-Raggautz, M., Duschek, S., Humpeler, E., & Schobersberger, W. (2018). Short Vacation Improves Stress-Level and Well-Being in German-Speaking Middle-Managers-A Randomized Controlled Trial. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010130
Boerjan, P. (1995). Do we need a distinction between short and long holidays? The Tourist Review, 50 (2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058186
Chen, C. & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28, 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
Chérrez, R., Lopez, C. and Logroño, S. (2021). El turismo como recurso generador de crecimiento y desarrollo económico mediante indicadores estadísticos. https://fipcaec.com/index.php/fipcaec/article/download/361/647/
Churchill, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
Cohen, S., Prayag, G. & Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behavior in tourism: concepts, influences and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 17 (10), 872-909. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.850064
Davies, B. (1990). The economics of short break. International Journal Hospitality Management, 9 (2), 103-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(90)90004-H
Dunn, S., & Iso-Ahola, S. (1991). Sightseeing tourists’ motivation and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 8, 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90006-W
Dunne, G., Flanagan, S. & Buckley, J. (2007). City break motivations: the case of Dublin, a successful national capital. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 22 (3), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v22n03_08
Enne, D., & Schofield, P. (2011). An integrated approach to consumer decision making for budget city breaks: The role of emotion. International journal of tourism research, 13, 368-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.855
Escurra, L.M. (1988). Cuantificación de la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces. Revista de Psicología de Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 6 (1-2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.198801-02.008
Esiyok, B., Kurtulmuşoğlu, F. B., & Özdemir, A. (2018). Heterogeneity in the determinants of length of stay across middle age and senior age groups in thermal tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1374906
Fluvià, M., Rigall-I-Torrent, R., Espinet, J., Garriga, A. & Saló, A. (2011). Precios implícitos de los atributos de los productos turísticos: ¿qué esconde el efecto localización? Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 29 (3), 781-802. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v29i3.4414
Gearing, C.E., Swart, W.W. & Turgut, V. (1974). Establishing a measure of touristic attractiveness, Journal of Travel Research, 12 (4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757401200401
Gelman, A. & Rubin, D.B. (1992). Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statistical Science, 7 (4), 457-511. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011136
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Herington, C., Merrilees, B., & Wilkins, H. (2013). Preferences for destinations attributes: Differences between short and long breaks. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712463718
Hu, Y. & Ritchie, J.R.B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: a contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303200204
Kozak, M., Kim, S., & Chon, K. (2017). Competitiveness of overseas pleasure destinations: A comparison study based on choice sets. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(5), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2130
Lohmann, M. (1991). Evaluation of short break holidays. The Tourist Review, 46 (2), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058065
Lord, F. & Novick, M. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test score, Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers: Boston.
Lunn. D.J., Thomas, A., Best, N. & Spiegelhalter, D. (2000). Winbugs - a Bayesian modeling framework: concepts, structure and extensibility. Statistics and Computing, 10, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929526011
Malhotra, N. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation, Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2010)6
Manhas, P., Manrai, L. & Manrai, A. (2016). Role of tourist destination development in building its brand image: a conceptual model. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 21, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jefas.2016.01.001
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo MINCETUR (n.d.). Plan estratégico nacional de turismo 2025. MINCETUR. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/documentos/turismo/documentos/PENTUR/PENTUR_Final_JULIO2016.pdf
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. (2022, May 15). Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mincetur/noticias/590264-durante-enero-y-febrero-se-alcanzo-los-3-4-millones-de-viajes-por-turismo-interno
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. (2022, May). Estrategia Nacional de Reactivación del Sector Turismo 2022 - 2025. MINCETUR. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/3109734/R.%20M.%20N%C2%B0%20138%20-%202022.pdf.pdf
Mo, C., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1993). Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(2), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90058-B
Moll-de-Alba, J., Prats, Ll. & Coromina, Ll. (2016). Differences between short and long break tourists in urban destinations: the case of Barcelona. European Journal of Tourism Research, 14, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v14i.241
Monroy, H. C. (2020, December 21). El turismo doméstico como base de la recuperación post Covid-19 de la actividad turística en México. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Social. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Social. http://revistasinvestigacion.lasalle.mx/index.php/relais/article/view/2821
Morrison, A.M. (1989). Hospitality and travel marketing, Delmar Publishing, Albany, NY.
Muñiz, J. (1997). Introducción a la teoría de respuesta a los ítems, Ediciones Pirámide, España.
Murphy, P., Niininen, O. & Sanders, D. (2010). Short-break holiday: a competitive destination strategy. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centres. https://sustain.pata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/110019-Murphy-Short-Breaks-WEB-1.pdf
Murphy, P. & Pritchard, M. (1997). Destinations price-value perceptions: an examination of origin and seasonal influences. Journal of Research Travel, 35, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500303
Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. & Smith, B. (1999). The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions. Tourism Management, 21, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00080-1
Neal, J.D. (2003). The effect of length of stay on traveler´s perceived satisfaction with service quality. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 4 (3-4), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v04n03_11
Nunan, D., Birks, D., Malhotra, N. (2020). Marketing research applied insight. (6ta ed.). Pearson
Oh, C. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism Management, 26, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.014
Ortigueira, L. C., & Gómez-Selemeneva, D. (2012). Critical success factors of a tourist destination in the Caribbean. Tourism & Management Studies, 201-214.
Ostini, R. & Nering, M. (2006). Polytomous item response theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985413
Pearce, D. (1989). Tourist development, Wiley, New York.
Pearce, D. (2015). Urban management, destination and urban destination management: A comparative review with issues and examples from New Zealand. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1 (1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2014-0002
Pike, S. (2002). ToMA as a measure of competitive advantage for short break holiday destinations. Journal of Tourism Studies, 13 (1), 9-19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27467453
Reckase, M. (1979). Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: results and implications. Journal of Educational Statistics, 4, 207‐230. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164671
R Foundation (n.d.). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from https://www.R-project.org/
Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrica Monograph, 17, 1–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03372160
Sánchez, J., Rodriguez, M., Callarisa, L. & Moliner, M. (2006). Perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product. Tourism Management, 27 (3), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.11.007
Santos, N., & Oliveira Moreira, C. (2021). Uncertainty and expectations in Portugal’s tourism activities. Impacts of COVID-19. Research in Globalization, 3, 100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100071
Sharma, R.D. (2010). The short break holiday: assessing its understanding in the northern territory, Australia. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 142, 771-778. https://doi.org/10.2495/SW100691
Smith, L. (1994). The tourism product. Annals of Tourism Research, 2 (3), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90121-X
Solís-Radilla, M., Hernández-Lobato, L. & Villagómez-Méndez, J. (2016). El valor percibido del destino turístico en relación con el perfil del turista en Acapulco, Guerrero-México. Investigación Administrativa, 46 (118), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.35426/IAv45n118.02
Tarazona, E. (2013). Modelos alternativos de respuesta graduada con aplicaciones en la calidad de servicios. Masters thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/6175
Tsiotsu, R. & Vasioti, E. (2006). Satisfaction: a segmentation criterion for “short term” visitors of mountains destinations. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 20 (1), 61- 73. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v20n01_05
Um, S. & Crompton, J. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 432-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90008-F
Valls, J. F., Sureda, J., & Valls-Tunon, G. (2014). Attractiveness analysis of European tourist. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31 (2), 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.873310
Veiga, C., Custódio Santos, M., äguas, P. & Santos, J. (2017). Are millennials transforming global tourism? Challenges for destinations and companies. Worlwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes., 9 (6), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-09-2017-0047
Williams, A. & Shaw, G. (2009). Future play: tourism, recreation and land use. Land Use Policy, 26 (1), 326-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.10.003
World Tourism Organization (2016). Panorama OMT del turismo internacional, UNWTO, Madrid. Retrieved October 25, 2019, from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284418152
Yang, J. (2017). Investigation of tourist satisfaction on short break holiday travel: taking Chengdu research base of giant panda breeding. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 156, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.2991/seiem-17.2018.30
Yang, Y. & Zhang, H. (2015). Modeling tourists’ length of stay: does one model fit all? Tourism Analysis, 20, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14205687167464
Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivations and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism Management, 26, 45-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Zeithaml, V. (1988). Perceptions of price, quality and value: a means-end model and synthesis for evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52 (3), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
Zickar, M.J., Russel, S.S., Smith, C.S., Bohle, P. & Tilley, A.J. (2002). Evaluating two morningness scales with item response theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00131-3
Published
2023-01-14
How to Cite
Hamann, A., Hernani-Merino, M., & Tarazona Vargas, E. G. (2023). Validation of a Scale for the Evaluation of the Dimensions of Short Break Tourist Destination. Journal of Business, Universidad Del Pacífico (Lima, Peru), 15(1), 2-22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21678/jb.2023.1887
Issue
Section
Articles
.jpg){kind=logo}
