Application of the Delphi Method for the Analysis of the Factors Determining Social Entrepreneurship
Keywords:
Social entrepreneurship, motivations, difficulties, panel of experts, Delphi method
Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the factors determining the choice of social entrepreneurship (SE) as a business model. Attention is focused on the motivations for choosing this entrepreneurship alternative and on the difficulties that the people embarking on this venture encounter. After applying the Delphi method and with the collaboration of a panel of experts formed by 20 specialists in social entrepreneurship, we can conclude that the most important motivations are the social entrepreneur’s self-fulfillment, self-esteem and passion for social issues. The main obstacle, meanwhile, stems from a lack of business management and administration skills, which makes financial and human resource management extremely difficult.Downloads
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References
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Alvord, S.H., Brown, L.D., Letts, C.W. (2004): “Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, vol. 40, no 3, pp 260–282.
Barney, J. (1991). “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, vol. 17, no 1, pp 99-120.
Braga, J.C., Proença, T., Ferreira, M.R. (2014): “Motivations for social entrepreneurship–Evidences from Portugal”, Tékhne, vol. 12, pp 11-21.
Carsrud, A., Brannback, M. (2011): “Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know?” Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49, no 1, pp 9-26.
Certo, S., Miller, T. (2008): “Social entrepreneurship: Key issue sand concepts”, Business Horizons, vol. 51, pp 267-271.
Dacin, P.A., Dacin, M.T., Matear, M. (2010): “Social entrepreneurship: Why we don't need a new theory and how we move forward from here”, Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24, no 2, pp 36-56.
Dalkey, N.J., Rourke, D.L., Lewis, R., Snyder, D. (1972): “The Delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion”, en N.J. Dalkey (Dir), Studies in quality of life (pp 13-55). Lexington Books, Massachusetts.
DiDomenico, M., Haugh, H., Tracey, P. (2010): “Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 34, no 5, pp 681-703.
Dierickx, I., Cool, K. (1989): “Asset stock accumulation and the sustainability of competitive advantage”, Management Science, vol. 35, pp 1504-1514.
Dorado, S. (2006): “Social entrepreneurial ventures: Different values so different process of creations, no?”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 11, pp 319-343.
Edmondson, A., McManus, S. (2007): “Methodological fit in management field research”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 32, no 4, pp 1155-1179.
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., Stephan, U. (2013): “Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 37, no 3, pp 479-504.
Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (1995): Evaluación de programas: una guía práctica en ámbitos sociales, educativos y de salud. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid.
García, L., Fernández, S. (2008): “Procedimiento de aplicación del trabajo creativo en grupo de expertos”, Energética, vol. XXIX, no 2, pp 46-50.
Gilson, N., Brown, G.F., Mckenna, J., Murphy, M., Pringle, A., Proper, K., et al. (2009): “The International universities Walking Project: Development of a Framework for Workplace Intervention Using the Delphi Technique”, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, vol. 6, pp 520-528.
Hall, K., Miller, R., Millar, R. (2012): “Jumped or pushed: What motivates NHS staff to set up a social enterprise?” Social Enterprise Journal, vol. 8, pp 49-62.
Haugh, H. (2009): “A resource-based perspective of social entrepreneurship”, in J. A. Robinson, J. Mair y K. Hockert (Eds.), International Perspectives On Social Entrepreneurship (pp 99-116). Palgrave Macmillan, New York, USA.
Hoogendoorn, B., Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R. (2011): “Social entrepreneurship and performance: The role of perceived barriers and risk”, ERIM Report Series, Referencia No ERS-2011-016-ORG.
Kirkwood, J. (2009): “Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, vol. 24, no 5, pp 346-364.
Kirkwood, J., Walton, S. (2010): “What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?, International Journal of Entrepreneurial, Behavior & Research, vol. 16, no 3, pp 204-228.
Landeta, J. (1999): El metodo Delphi. Ariel, Barcelona.
Landeta, J. (2002): El método Delphi: una técnica de previsión del futuro. Ariel, Barcelona.
Landeta, J. (2006): “Currient validity of the Delphi method in social sciences”, Tecnological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 73, pp 467-482.
Lannoy, A., Porcaccia, M. (2001): L´utilisation du jugement d´experts en sûreté de fonctionnement. Editions TEC & DOC, Paris.
Mair, J., Martí, I. (2006): “Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 36-44.
Mair, J., Noboa, E. (2005). How intentions to create a social venture are formed. A case study (No. D/593). IESE Business School,
Marques, C., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, F., Lages, M. (2012): “Entrepreneurial orientation and motivation to start up a business: Evidence from the health service industry”, Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol. 9, no 1, pp 77-94.
Martínez, E. (2003): “La Técnica Delphi como estrategia de consulta a los implicados en la evaluación de programas”, Revista de Investigación Educativa, vol. 21, no 2, pp 449-163.
Miller, T., Grimes, M., McMullen, J., and Vogus, T. (2012): “Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 37, no 4, pp 616-640.
Moizer, J., Tracey, P. (2010): “Strategy making in social enterprise: The role of resource allocation and its effects on organizational sustainability”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, vol. 27, no 3, pp 252-266.
Parker, S.C. (2008): “Social entrepreneurship: A neoclassical theory”, en G. E. Shockley, P. M. Frank y R. R. Stough (Eds.), Non-market entrepreneurship: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp 206-216). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Peredo, A.M., McLean, M. (2006): “Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 56-65.
Pérez-Campanero, M.P. (1991): Cómo detectar las necesidades de intervención socioeducativa. Editorial Narcea, Madrid.
Pless, N.M. (2012): “Social entrepreneurship in theory and practice-an introduction”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111, no 3, pp 317-320.
Praag, C.M., Versloot, P.H. (2007): “What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research”, Small Business Economics, vol. 29, no 4, pp 351-382.
Romero, R., Cabero, J., Llorente M.C., Vázquez-Martínez, A.I. (2012): “El método Delphi y la formación del profesorado en TIC”, Global, vol. 9, no 44, pp. 81-92.
Ruebottom, T. (2013): “The microstructures of rhetorical strategy in social entrepreneurship: Building legitimacy through heroes and villains”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 28, no 1, pp 98-116.
Rumelt, R.P. (1984): “Towards a strategic theory of the firm”, en R. B. Lamb (Eds.), Competitive Strategic Management (pp 556-571). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Santos, F.M. (2012): “A positive theory of social entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111, no 3, pp 335-351.
Schjoedt, L., Shaver, K.G. (2007): “Deciding on an entrepreneurial career: a test of the pull and push hypotheses using the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics data”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, vol. 31, no 5, pp 733-52.
Segal, G., Borgia, D., Schoenfeld, J. (2005): “The motivation to become an entrepreneur”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, vol. 11, no 1, pp 42-57.
Shafer, S. M., Smith, H. J., Linder, J. C. (2005): The power of business models, Business horizons, vol. 48, no 3, pp. 199-207.
Sharir, M., Lerner, M. (2006): “Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 6-20.
Shaw, E., Carter, S. (2007): “Social entrepreneurship: Theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 14, no 3, pp 418-434.
Short, J.C., Moss, T.M., Lumpkin, G. T. (2009): “Research in social entrepreneurship: past contributions and future opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 3, pp 161-194.
Steinerowski, A., Jack, S., Farmer, J. (2008): “Who are the social" entrepreneurs" and what do they actually do?” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, vol. 28, no 21, pp 2.
Stephan, U., Uhlaner, L.M., Stride, C. (2014): “Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 46, no 3, pp 308-331.
Syrjä, P., Puumalainen, K., Sjögrén, H., Soininen, J., Durst, S. (2013): “Entrepreneurial orientation in social entrepreneurship”, en ISPIM Conference Proceedings: 1. The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
Vidal, I. (2005): “Social enterprise and social inclusion: Social enterprises in the sphere of work integration”, International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 28, no 9, pp 807-825.
Weerawardena, J., Sullivan Mort, G. (2006): “Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 21-35.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984): “A resource-based view of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, no 2, pp 171-180.
Zahra, S.A., Rawhouser, H.N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D.O., Hayton, J.C. (2008): “Globalization of social entrepreneurship opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 2, no 2, pp 117-131.
Zahra, S.A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D.O., Shulman, J.M. (2009): “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 24, no 5, pp. 519-532.
Alvord, S.H., Brown, L.D., Letts, C.W. (2004): “Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, vol. 40, no 3, pp 260–282.
Barney, J. (1991). “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, vol. 17, no 1, pp 99-120.
Braga, J.C., Proença, T., Ferreira, M.R. (2014): “Motivations for social entrepreneurship–Evidences from Portugal”, Tékhne, vol. 12, pp 11-21.
Carsrud, A., Brannback, M. (2011): “Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know?” Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49, no 1, pp 9-26.
Certo, S., Miller, T. (2008): “Social entrepreneurship: Key issue sand concepts”, Business Horizons, vol. 51, pp 267-271.
Dacin, P.A., Dacin, M.T., Matear, M. (2010): “Social entrepreneurship: Why we don't need a new theory and how we move forward from here”, Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24, no 2, pp 36-56.
Dalkey, N.J., Rourke, D.L., Lewis, R., Snyder, D. (1972): “The Delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion”, en N.J. Dalkey (Dir), Studies in quality of life (pp 13-55). Lexington Books, Massachusetts.
DiDomenico, M., Haugh, H., Tracey, P. (2010): “Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 34, no 5, pp 681-703.
Dierickx, I., Cool, K. (1989): “Asset stock accumulation and the sustainability of competitive advantage”, Management Science, vol. 35, pp 1504-1514.
Dorado, S. (2006): “Social entrepreneurial ventures: Different values so different process of creations, no?”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 11, pp 319-343.
Edmondson, A., McManus, S. (2007): “Methodological fit in management field research”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 32, no 4, pp 1155-1179.
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., Stephan, U. (2013): “Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 37, no 3, pp 479-504.
Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (1995): Evaluación de programas: una guía práctica en ámbitos sociales, educativos y de salud. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid.
García, L., Fernández, S. (2008): “Procedimiento de aplicación del trabajo creativo en grupo de expertos”, Energética, vol. XXIX, no 2, pp 46-50.
Gilson, N., Brown, G.F., Mckenna, J., Murphy, M., Pringle, A., Proper, K., et al. (2009): “The International universities Walking Project: Development of a Framework for Workplace Intervention Using the Delphi Technique”, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, vol. 6, pp 520-528.
Hall, K., Miller, R., Millar, R. (2012): “Jumped or pushed: What motivates NHS staff to set up a social enterprise?” Social Enterprise Journal, vol. 8, pp 49-62.
Haugh, H. (2009): “A resource-based perspective of social entrepreneurship”, in J. A. Robinson, J. Mair y K. Hockert (Eds.), International Perspectives On Social Entrepreneurship (pp 99-116). Palgrave Macmillan, New York, USA.
Hoogendoorn, B., Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R. (2011): “Social entrepreneurship and performance: The role of perceived barriers and risk”, ERIM Report Series, Referencia No ERS-2011-016-ORG.
Kirkwood, J. (2009): “Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, vol. 24, no 5, pp 346-364.
Kirkwood, J., Walton, S. (2010): “What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?, International Journal of Entrepreneurial, Behavior & Research, vol. 16, no 3, pp 204-228.
Landeta, J. (1999): El metodo Delphi. Ariel, Barcelona.
Landeta, J. (2002): El método Delphi: una técnica de previsión del futuro. Ariel, Barcelona.
Landeta, J. (2006): “Currient validity of the Delphi method in social sciences”, Tecnological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 73, pp 467-482.
Lannoy, A., Porcaccia, M. (2001): L´utilisation du jugement d´experts en sûreté de fonctionnement. Editions TEC & DOC, Paris.
Mair, J., Martí, I. (2006): “Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 36-44.
Mair, J., Noboa, E. (2005). How intentions to create a social venture are formed. A case study (No. D/593). IESE Business School,
Marques, C., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, F., Lages, M. (2012): “Entrepreneurial orientation and motivation to start up a business: Evidence from the health service industry”, Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol. 9, no 1, pp 77-94.
Martínez, E. (2003): “La Técnica Delphi como estrategia de consulta a los implicados en la evaluación de programas”, Revista de Investigación Educativa, vol. 21, no 2, pp 449-163.
Miller, T., Grimes, M., McMullen, J., and Vogus, T. (2012): “Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 37, no 4, pp 616-640.
Moizer, J., Tracey, P. (2010): “Strategy making in social enterprise: The role of resource allocation and its effects on organizational sustainability”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, vol. 27, no 3, pp 252-266.
Parker, S.C. (2008): “Social entrepreneurship: A neoclassical theory”, en G. E. Shockley, P. M. Frank y R. R. Stough (Eds.), Non-market entrepreneurship: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp 206-216). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Peredo, A.M., McLean, M. (2006): “Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 56-65.
Pérez-Campanero, M.P. (1991): Cómo detectar las necesidades de intervención socioeducativa. Editorial Narcea, Madrid.
Pless, N.M. (2012): “Social entrepreneurship in theory and practice-an introduction”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111, no 3, pp 317-320.
Praag, C.M., Versloot, P.H. (2007): “What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research”, Small Business Economics, vol. 29, no 4, pp 351-382.
Romero, R., Cabero, J., Llorente M.C., Vázquez-Martínez, A.I. (2012): “El método Delphi y la formación del profesorado en TIC”, Global, vol. 9, no 44, pp. 81-92.
Ruebottom, T. (2013): “The microstructures of rhetorical strategy in social entrepreneurship: Building legitimacy through heroes and villains”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 28, no 1, pp 98-116.
Rumelt, R.P. (1984): “Towards a strategic theory of the firm”, en R. B. Lamb (Eds.), Competitive Strategic Management (pp 556-571). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Santos, F.M. (2012): “A positive theory of social entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111, no 3, pp 335-351.
Schjoedt, L., Shaver, K.G. (2007): “Deciding on an entrepreneurial career: a test of the pull and push hypotheses using the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics data”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, vol. 31, no 5, pp 733-52.
Segal, G., Borgia, D., Schoenfeld, J. (2005): “The motivation to become an entrepreneur”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, vol. 11, no 1, pp 42-57.
Shafer, S. M., Smith, H. J., Linder, J. C. (2005): The power of business models, Business horizons, vol. 48, no 3, pp. 199-207.
Sharir, M., Lerner, M. (2006): “Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 6-20.
Shaw, E., Carter, S. (2007): “Social entrepreneurship: Theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 14, no 3, pp 418-434.
Short, J.C., Moss, T.M., Lumpkin, G. T. (2009): “Research in social entrepreneurship: past contributions and future opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 3, pp 161-194.
Steinerowski, A., Jack, S., Farmer, J. (2008): “Who are the social" entrepreneurs" and what do they actually do?” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, vol. 28, no 21, pp 2.
Stephan, U., Uhlaner, L.M., Stride, C. (2014): “Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 46, no 3, pp 308-331.
Syrjä, P., Puumalainen, K., Sjögrén, H., Soininen, J., Durst, S. (2013): “Entrepreneurial orientation in social entrepreneurship”, en ISPIM Conference Proceedings: 1. The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
Vidal, I. (2005): “Social enterprise and social inclusion: Social enterprises in the sphere of work integration”, International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 28, no 9, pp 807-825.
Weerawardena, J., Sullivan Mort, G. (2006): “Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no 1, pp 21-35.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984): “A resource-based view of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, no 2, pp 171-180.
Zahra, S.A., Rawhouser, H.N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D.O., Hayton, J.C. (2008): “Globalization of social entrepreneurship opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 2, no 2, pp 117-131.
Zahra, S.A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D.O., Shulman, J.M. (2009): “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 24, no 5, pp. 519-532.
How to Cite
García-Uceda, E., Murillo-Luna, J. L., & Asín-Lafuente, J. (1). Application of the Delphi Method for the Analysis of the Factors Determining Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business, Universidad Del Pacífico (Lima, Peru), 9(1), 43-66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21678/jb.2017.823
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